The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Development as Social Transformation
Quote:

Learning Expectation:
Financial assistance sought by individuals or groups should not duplicate assistance that is obtainable from other government agencies or departments.
Review:
The Committee only considers requests from individuals whose income levels are at or below the poverty line ($5,503.00 per annum). Discretion may be exercised for families facing extenuating circumstances.
Funds shall not be provided directly to individuals. Rather the agencies of the Ministry of Social Transformation shall liaise with institutions, agencies or businesses to procure services or items granted to individuals or groups.
Submissions for funding from CBOs and NGOs shall include the comments of the Community Development Department and/or the Poverty Alleviation Bureau on the viability of the project and its potential to alleviate poverty, where relevant.
For funds approved in excess of $100,000.00 an agreement prepared by the Office of the Solicitor General would be concluded by the organisation and the Ministry of Social Transformation.

Lessons Learned:
The Welfare Department, was established and a number of Social Centers were built for the increasing social activities which were mainly tea meetings, dances and service or songs. The League and later the Welfare Department managed the Social Centres and assumed responsibility for Community Development in the island.
The early Centres were also used as venues where people were taught Handicraft to meet the demands of the embryonic tourist market and as an income earner mainly for women. Some were also used as Child Health clinics. In the mid and late 1960 there was an increase in community development activity in Barbados, necessitating an increase in facilities.

Integrative Questions:
1. How to encourage and develop a sense of civic consciousness.
2. How to build and maintain strong, cooperative and harmonious?
3. What are the relationships among the various interest groups within communities?
4. How to foster a spirit of self-help, community enterprise and entrepreneurship?
5. What are the part of an overall strategy towards sustainable development and poverty eradication.

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Reducing Corruption
Quote:
“The people practice the corruption because is the easy way to do his jobs and resolve his problems, and they just follow the example, and because they say that the people who practice that is the smart people”
Learning Expectation:
The leadership desires Corruption is self-defeating and therefore will work for its dissolution. A good leadership worths best in a society no matter what.
Review:
Corruption is said to be an act done with intent to give some advantage inconsistent with official duty and the rights of others. It includes bribery, but is more comprehensive; because an act may be corruptly done, though the advantage to be derived from it be not offered by another. Corruption has been around for a very long time and will be around in the future unless governments can figure out effective ways to combat it. This is not going to be easy, since much public corruption can be traced to government intervention in the economy, policies aimed at liberalization, stabilization, deregulation, and privatization can sharply reduce the opportunities for rent-seeking behavior and corruption. Where government regulations are pervasive, however, and government officials have discretion in applying them, individuals are often willing to offer bribes to officials to circument the rules and, sad to relate, officials are occasionally tempted to accept these bribes.
Lessons Learned:
Corruption from my point of view is like a disease that eats a country up. i think that corruption retards growth because when u always have to bribe your way through getting things done, then it practically mean that you are preventing another resourceful person from achieving his or her goal. the ‘who you know’ system is so bad that even when it comes to schooling, the good students are left to stay home and the unintelligent ones take their place only because they don’t have the money to pay to get admission.this is a peculiar issue in my country which is destroying it because at the end of the day,the schools produce very poor commodities who cant even think on their feet and as such stops creative thinking. therefore, i think that for a country to progress, it needs a corrupt free environment”
Integrative Questions:
1. What are the plans of government for changes to the current system and to create laws to protect whistle blowers?
2. What articles write to your local newspaper when you see corruption in action?
3. How many of the campaigns to fight against corruption?
4. Is there for a for good governance around the world ?
5. Is there a global phenomenon of corruption?

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid
The Ecosystem for Wealth Creation
Quote:
“An ecosystem is a complete community of living organisms and the nonliving materials of their surroundings.”
Learning Expectation:
Ecosystem Wealth Creation is a stock, meaning that it is a total accumulation over time. Income is a flow, meaning it is a rate of change. Income represents the increase in wealth, expenses the decrease in wealth. If you limit wealth to net worth, then mathematically net income (income minus expenses) can be thought of as the first derivative of wealth, representing the change in wealth over a period of time.
Review:
The environment is relatively stable and the innovation that comes with diversity isn’t a high priority, you can move to directly control the assets your company needs, by acquiring your partners or otherwise taking over their functions. A physical dominator ultimately becomes its own ecosystem, absorbing the complex network of interdependencies that existed between distinct organizations, and is able to extract maximum short-term value from the assets it controls. When it reaches this end point, an ecosystem strategy is no longer relevant.
If, however, your business chooses to extract maximum value from a network of assets that you don’t control—the value dominator strategy—you may end up starving and ultimately destroying the ecosystem of which you are a part. This makes the approach a fundamentally flawed strategy.
Lessons Learned:
If your business is at the center of a complex network of asset-sharing relationships and operates in a turbulent environment, a keystone strategy may be the most effective. By carefully managing the widely distributed assets your company relies on in part by sharing with your business partners the wealth generated by those assets. Can capitalize on the entire ecosystem’s ability to generate, because of its diversity, innovative responses to disruptions in the environment.
Integrative Questions:
1. What is ecosystem?
2. What is wealth creation?
3. What is the strategy of managing the company?
4. Is there an ability of ecosystem’s to generate?
5. What are the value from a network of assets? 

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid
BOP: A Global Opportunity
Quote:
The total opportunity costs of such an action can never be known with certainty, and are sometimes called “hidden costs” or “hidden losses” as what has been prevented from being produced cannot be seen or known. Even the possibility of inaction is a lost opportunity.
Learning Expectation:
Global Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics because it implies the choice between desirable, yet mutually exclusive results.
Review:
Global Opportunity cost or economic opportunity loss is the value of the next best alternative foregone as the result of making a decision. Opportunity cost analysis is an important part of a company’s decision-making processes but is not treated as an actual cost in any financial statement. The next best thing that a person can engage in is referred to as the opportunity cost of doing the best thing and ignoring the next best thing to be done.
It is a calculating factor used in mixed markets which favour social change in favour of purely individualistic economics. It has been described as expressing “the basic relationship between scarcity and choice.” The notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in ensuring that scarce resources are used efficiently. Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs: the real cost of output forgone, lost time, swag, pleasure or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered opportunity costs.
Lessons Learned:
A person who sells stock for $10,000 denies himself or herself the opportunity to sell the stock for a higher price in the future, inheriting an opportunity cost equal to future price minus sale price.
An organization that invests $1 million in acquiring a new asset instead of spending that money on maintaining its existing asset portfolio incurs the increased risk of failure of its existing assets. The opportunity cost of the decision to acquire a new asset is the financial security that comes from the organization’s spending the money on maintaining its existing asset portfolio.
If a city decides to build a hospital on vacant land it owns, the opportunity cost is the value of the benefits forgone of the next best thing that might have been done with the land and construction funds instead. In building the hospital, the city has forgone the opportunity to build a sports center on that land, or a parking lot, or the ability to sell the land to reduce the city’s debt, since those uses tend to be mutually exclusive. Also included in the opportunity cost would be what investments or purchases the private sector would have voluntarily made if it had not been taxed to build the hospital.
Integrative Questions:
1. What is global opportunity?
2. Is there an ability to construct a fund?
3. What is the organization of BOP?
4. How much the value of the benefits in funds?
5. Define the BOP?

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Products and Services for the BOP
Quote:
As White explains, “our products have huge reach and so the opportunity to improve lives and to make sure we reduce our overall environmental impact is primarily through our products.”
Learning Expectation:
Not only are companies attracted by the prospect of discovering markets with untapped growth potential, but they’re also aiming to have an impact, in a global society characterized by deep divisions between the haves and the have-nots. But those developing new products for those living in poverty are finding that cost alone isn’t the most important factor.
Review:
The product had clear social benefits, providing clean drinking water for households in places where the health risks of untreated drinking water are high, especially for children. After three years of market tests though, PUR was looking like a commercial failure. Many other firms would have closed down the project, but P&G instead moved PUR to its corporate sustainability department, easing the pressure on turning a profit. Since 2003, P&G has sold the product at cost and worked in partnership with non-profit organizations, who distribute the product through their development and humanitarian relief networks.
 
Lessons Learned:
People can afford computers and, thus, schools can justify investments in routers and infrastructure, a sensible proposition for companies like Cisco. The cycle goes on.
So, rather than, or as a complement to, trying to make money off of the BOP as new market opportunities, when companies help create value by allowing families to create wealth through “their” creations or products, lends itself to more robust investments. Otherwise, companies will continue to scratch their heads on how to capitalize on the BOP.
Integrative Questions:
1. What are the products of BOP?
2. What are the services for the BOP?
3. What are the opportunities in the company?
4. What is the impact in global society?
5. What are the creations of the products or investments?

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid
The Market at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Quote:
“Most thinking people know where they have to go, but letting go of their beliefs and abandoning their “zones of comfort” and familiarity are not easy.”
Learning Expectation:
The poor cannot participate in the benefits of globalization without an active engagement and without access to products and services that represent global quality standards. They need to be exposed to the range and variety of opportunities that inclusive globalization can provide. The poor represent a “latent market” for goods and services. Active engagement of private enterprises at the BOP is a critical element in creating inclusive capitalism, as private-sector competition for this market will foster attention to the poor as consumers. It will create choices for them. They do not have to depend only on what is available in their villages.
Review:
These characteristics of a market economy, new to the BOP, can facilitate dramatic change at the BOP. Free and transparent private-sector competition, unlike local village and shanty-town monopolies controlled by local slum lords, can transform the “poor” into consumers (as we illustrate with examples). Poverty alleviation will become a business development task shared among the large private sector firms and local BOP entrepreneurs.

Lessons Learned:
In this chapter BOP markets must become an integral part of the work of the private sector. They must become part of the firms’ core businesses; they cannot merely be relegated to the realm of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Successfully creating BOP markets involves change in the functioning of MNCs as much as it changes the functioning of developing countries. BOP markets must become integral to the success of the firm in order to command senior management attention and sustained resource allocation.
Integrative Questions
1. What are the policies of government?
2. What is BOP?
3. What is right and moral?
4. Is there are as many rural rich as there are urban poor?
5. Is difficult to give up for individuals, political parties, and sections of the bureaucracy?

Cyber Ethics
THE PRACTITIONER FROM WITHIN: REVISITING THE VIRTUES
Quote:
“Information revolution” has altered many aspects of life significantly: commerce, employment, medicine, security, transportation, entertainment, and so on.”
Learning Expectation:
Consequently, information and communication technology (ICT) has affected — in both good ways and bad ways — community life, family life, human relationships, education, careers, freedom, and democracy (to name just a few examples). “Computer and information ethics”, in the broadest sense of this phrase, can be understood as that branch of applied ethics which studies and analyzes such social and ethical impacts of ICT. The present essay concerns this broad new field of applied ethics.
Review:
The more specific term “computer ethics” has been used to refer to applications by professional philosophers of traditional Western theories like utilitarianism, Kantianism, or virtue ethics, to ethical cases that significantly involve computers and computer networks. “Computer ethics” also has been used to refer to a kind of professional ethics in which computer professionals apply codes of ethics and standards of good practice within their profession. In addition, other more specific names, like “cyberethics” and “Internet ethics”, have been used to refer to aspects of computer ethics associated with the Internet.

Lessons Learned:
In laying down a foundation for information ethics, Wiener developed a cybernetic view of human nature and society, which led him to an ethically suggestive account of the purpose of a human life. Based upon this, he adopted “great principles of justice” that he believed all societies ought to follow. These powerful ethical concepts enabled Wiener to analyze information ethics issues of all kinds.
Integrative Questions:
1. What is the revisiting virtue of ethics?
2. What are the human nature and society?
3. What are the ethical concepts of revisiting virtues?
4. What is the moral?
5. Define ethical virtues?

Cyber Ethics
ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS COMPUTING
Quote:
“Businesses operate and enlarging the opportunities available to them to reach and service customers.”
Learning Expectation:
To provide a comprehensive overview of the most important ethical issues associated with the expanding world of e-business. Grounded solidly in the most recent scholarship in business ethics, the book will apply the most relevant theoretical frameworks to ethical issues in all significant areas of e-business.
Review:
Grounded solidly in the most recent scholarship in business ethics, the book will apply the most relevant theoretical frameworks to ethical issues in all significant areas of e-business. The book will be written for scholars, professionals, and students interested in gaining a better comprehension and appreciation of the moral issues encountered in the multifaceted world of e-business. It will provide readers with a clear knowledge of the complex ethical issues involved in e-business and improve their understanding of widely discussed current issues in e-business such as those of privacy, information management, data mining, intellectual property, and consumer tracking.
 
Lessons Learned:
It is important to understand and respond to the unique ethical issues associated with e-business. As e-business models become more common in the world of business, there must be an effort to integrate e-business more fully into the field of business ethics so that scholars and professionals working in the field can better appreciate and respond to these ethical issues. There thus exists a clear need for an edited collection of articles that provides a comprehensive and thorough treatment of ethical issues in e-business. The target audience of this book will be composed of researches and professionals working in the field of e-business and business ethics in various disciplines, e.g. business and management, information technology, philosophy, communication sciences, computer science, and consumer studies. In providing a broad overview of the various ethical issues involved in all aspects of e-business, the book will also provide a useful resource for all persons involved in e-business. The book will also provide a useful tool for educators and students studying e-business, business ethics, and related topics.
Integrative Questions:
1. What are the ethical issues?
2. What is business computing?
3. What is e-business?
4. What is the system to computing?
5. What is the issue in business computing?

Cyber Ethics
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CODE OF ETHICS: APPROVED!
Quote:
For Aristotle, on the other hand, the purpose of moral rules was to promote individual moral virtues and the development of a good will or moral character. Put in more general terms, the rights/obligations ethicist starts with rules stating obligations about how one should behave and rights about how I am to be treated, while the virtue ethicist starts with the human character and its ethical dispositions. Virtue ethics does not lie in following a set of well defined rules but it lies in one’s character; you have to see what is the right action and then choose to do it.
Lesson Expectation:
How were these two approaches to ethics reflected in the initial development and responses to the Code? There are several purposes of a code of ethics. Several principles that were suggested for the code used imperative language.
Review:
In 1993, the IEEE Computer Society (IEEE-CS) and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) formed a joint committee to help organize software developers and engineers into a profession. As part of this project, a sub-committee of professionals, academics, and members of ACM and IEEE-CS began work drafting a code of ethics for software engineers through electronic mail. After four years of online discussion and revision, version 5.2 of the Software Engineer’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice was adopted by IEEE-CS and ACM in 1998, and since then, the code has been adopted by software engineering and computer societies worldwide.
The IEEE-CS/ACM Software Engineering Code of Ethics Archive documents the drafting, debate, and final adoption of the joint IEEE Computer Society /ACMSoftware Engineering Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. Indirectly, the archive illustrates how software engineering developed from an occupation to a profession. The drafting and approval of the Software Engineering Code, carried out in substantial part by email, has produced a detailed record of the development of a professional code of ethics. This correspondence, as well as related documents, interviews, and publications, make up the contents of the IEEE-CS/ACM Software Engineer’s Code of Ethics Archive.
Lesson Learned:
Addressing computer ethics issues for the professional and in the classroom needs to include both of these approaches. The software engineer as a practicing professional acts from a higher level of care for the customer (virtue ethics) and conforms to the development standards of the profession (right/obligations ethics). Both types of ethics are needed for the Professional engineer.
Integrative Questions:
1. What does IEEE-CS stands for?
2. What does ACM stands for?
3. Why did they develop a joint force ethical approach for software engineering?
4. Enumerate and explain the short version of the software engineering ethics.
5. What is Virtue Ethics?

Cyber Ethics
SUBSUMPTION ETHICS
Quote:
“Subsumption Ethics” published in Computers and Society,
Learning Expectation:
Subsumption ethics is the process by which decisions become incorporated into the operation of information technology (IT) systems, and subsequently forgotten. IT systems, by nature, repeat operations over and over. If those operations have unethical impacts, the system will continue to execute them anyway.
Review:
Unlike a human operator, there is no point in the cycle where the machine pauses to ask, “Should I do this?” Subsumption in general is the process of building larger components from smaller ones. In this sense, a cell subsumes DNA function, American common law subsumes judicial decisions, and a hairdryer subsumes an electric motor. Subsumption in computers is different because there is so much more of it going on than in simple machines.
In computer systems, small components are developed and tested, and once they are working reliably they are subsumed into larger systems. This is the enabling technique of object oriented programming. The larger systems, in turn, are subsumed into still larger systems. Once components, subsystems and applications are operating, the subsumed process becomes invisible and unavailable to the user, what James Moor calls the “invisibility factor.”
 
Lessons Learned:
Information systems subsume design, policy and implementation decisions in programming code and content. Code segments and content become “subsumed objects.” While it is demonstrable that systems are built from subsumed components, it is less easy to show exactly how decisions are subsumed. This axiom posits that the decisions themselves, including many subtle factors, are incorporated into systems operation.
Integrative Questions:
1. What is sumbsumption ethics?
2. What is ethics?
3. What is Moral in the sumbsumption?
4. What is psychological ethics ?
5. What is subsumed objects?